Solving For Me in Terms of X free essay sample

My palms started perspiring as I took a gander at the schoolwork board. It read like a risk sign posted in the front of a denounced assembling. â€Å"COLLEGE ESSAYS DUE SEPTEMBER 27.† Panic set in. I have never composed anything about myself. Where do I at any point start? I had no clue, and time was rapidly running out. Like most revelations, mine came accidently. While wildly attempting to find what to compose the most significant exposition of my life about, my companion hung over to me and composed something on my page to get me to grin. â€Å"LEXIE = ?† Then I saw precisely how to take care of my most current issue: the school exposition. Science comes more naturally than composing a 500 word long paper with which communicating is as far as possible. Nobody at any point showed me a condition to plug myself into however, or how to understand for who I am with a proof. We will compose a custom exposition test on Illuminating For Me in Terms of X or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I was unable to be streamlined to â€Å"y=mx+b† position. I took a gander at myself logarithmically. What are my elements? My companions know me as the young lady who downplays everything and the one they can gripe to at 12 PM. I yell with my canine when the fire alarm blasts, and I twist up with her in the bath during tempests. I eat Chinese food while recounting each word to the Grinch and the film Pinocchio has consistently frightened me. I broke two gel electrophoreses, however I snickered and continued difficult until I took care of business. I slipped in a similar mud puddle twice over the span of ten minutes, and I am the person who asks the material science instructor, â€Å"How would we be able certainly on the off chance that we can't test it?† Is the capacity raised to a force? What exacerbates these attributes? The mockery, which as often as possible trickles off of my words when I disclose how to send an instant message to my mom for the fiftieth time; the manner in which I fly on the trapeze to feel a surge of fervor I can't go anyplace else; the manner in which I habitually push myself into difficulty since I shield my companions when I see somebody has harmed them; and the manner in which I get down to business and decline to yield, the thing I like the least about myself. What is my condition, at that point? Lexie= [(Compassion)^Advocacy (Goofiness)(Determination)(Klutziness)(Humor)^Sarcasm (Curiosity)^Adventure]^Stubbornness ? X Are there cutoff points and conditions in this condition? Truly and no. There are cutoff points to how much this condition can really clarify me. What amount can you truly comprehend about me from this? You can't connect an information and get an answer, and there are still such a large number of factors that even I don't have a clue how to understand for. Furthermore, the conditions are only that, conditions and conditions. However, there are no restrictions on me. Clearly I won't take off with my own arrangement of wings at any point in the near future, and I can't oppose gravity yet. There are no restrictions on who or what I can be however. These are only my crude materials. The factors are limitless as are my potential outcomes.

Discourse Critique and Evaluation

Question: Examine about theDiscourse for Critique and Evaluation. Answer: Presentation: The demonstration of making annoyances on somebody elses property is definitely not something worth being thankful for. There are additionally sure special cases, for example, in the event that earlier consent has been taken by the proprietor of the structure, at that point spray painting is certainly not a terrible thing. It is concurred that spray painting energizes ability and supports craftsmanship in the general public (Watzlawik, 2014). This is additionally a wellspring of employment for certain individuals. In the event that there is a typical message that should be imparted to an enormous crowd, at that point spray painting is the best medium to do as such (Watzlawik, 2014). It can likewise be utilized as a mechanism for social turn of events. There are road specialists everywhere throughout the world who support workmanship focuses in monetarily in reverse neighborhoods. The issue emerges when it is totally unapproved. At the point when it demolishes the structures, at that point it is proportional to a wrongdoing. The proprietors of the properties reserve the option to keep up a spotless and decent appearance of their structures (Ashurst, 2016). The spray painting gives the structure a messy appearance (Ashurst, 2016). There are outwardly upsetting artistic expressions that are some of the time hostile to explicit segments of the general public. At the point when they are shown on the dividers, it makes a terrible environment in the areas. The expenses of fixes of the structures are additionally high, which makes a negative picture of spray painting. It additionally decreases the resale estimation of the structures. There are three contradictions to the announcement of the creator. He has expressed that spray painting is satisfactory everywhere throughout the world, however there is extensive uncertainty with respect to the real number of supporters of spray painting. Individuals are yet to acknowledge spray painting. This is a direct result of the current discolored picture of the equivalent. There is a pre-considered idea that spray painting is proportional to vandalism and consequently it is awful (Frabetti, 2015). It makes a terrible impact on the earth and thus it can't be acknowledged by the individuals. Also, the creator expresses that vandalism is a craftsmanship, which is in no way, shape or form valid. An annihilation to the open property can't be a craftsmanship. The spray painting can be considered as an artistic expression, in any case, the mechanism of workmanship conveyance, isn't exactly great. The vandalism can be compared with savagery, which isn't adequate by the cutting edge society. Thirdly, the creator contends that a reasonable enactment is required to help spray painting; be that as it may, the law can't offer consent to trespass. Truth be told, the law thinks about spray painting as a genuine offense, which is frequently punished (Davies, 2012). End The facts demonstrate that craftsmanship needs open articulation to demonstrate its actual worth. The creator is right in expressing that the individuals are changing their discernment towards spray painting. The spray painting is valuable in a few different ways, be that as it may, it is considered as a merciless demonstration, by a significant area of individuals. The attack of ones protection without his/her assent can't be a decent thought. It corrupts the advanced condition. The workmanship can be communicated in different structures as well. It isn't obligatory to communicate craftsmanship through spray painting. This is the reason why there are not adequate laws ensuring the road craftsmen. References Ashurst, N. (2016).Cleaning Historic Buildings: V. 1: Substrates, Soiling and Investigation. Routledge. Davies, J. (2012). Workmanship Crimes: Theoretical Perspectives on Copyright Protection for Illegally-Created Graffiti Art.Me. L. Rev.,65, 27. Frabetti, A. C. (2015). Youth spray painting vandalism: liminal viewpoints in the light of manliness, implicit agreement hypothesis and transformative procedure. Watzlawik, M. (2014). The craft of character developmentGraffiti painters traveling through time and space.Culture Psychology,20(3), 404-415.

When and How to Promote Your Employees

When and How to Promote Your Employees Promotion or career advancement is a process through which an employee of a company is given a higher share of duties, a higher pay-scale or both. A promotion is not just beneficial for employees but is also highly crucial for the employer or business owners. It boosts the morale of promoted employees, increases their productivity and hence improves upon the overall profits earned by the organization. © Shutterstock.com | BplanetIn this article, we shall learn more about 1) what promotions and appraisals are, 2) what their importance is, 3) when should they be given, and 4) how should you promote your employees. So lets read on to find out more.PROMOTIONS AND APPRAISALSA promotion is a step further that an employee takes while working in an organization as far as his/her work, rank or position is concerned. Every organization or workplace has a certain job hierarchy structure according to which an employee advances in that organization and gets promoted. Promotion is not just a reward that an employee is given for his/her continued good performance but is the proof that an employer thinks that it is time to add more responsibilities to an employee’s existing set of responsibilities.There are many types of promotions while some guarantee advancement in the job position or rank, other may guarantee an increase in the pay or salary. In some organization, a promotion may result in a just change of duties and responsibilities. Promoting employees for their excellence in performance is important to value their efforts and keep their morale up.An appraisal or performance appraisal, on the other hand, is a method through which an employee’s performance is judged, evaluated or measured. These appraisals are a regular part of the career development of workers and employees and are an integral part of any working organization. Appraisals can be both negative and positive. While in positive appraisals, the overall evaluation comes out to be positive and may result in a salary increase, a negative appraisal on the other hand is a proof that an employee hasn’t been performing up to expectations and actions are taken to motivate him/her to do so from then onwards.A performance appraisal is a periodic and systematic process that tries to assess the performance at work as well as the level of productiveness of the employees. This may consider the various achievements , accomplishments, weaknesses as well as the strengths of the employee so that overall results can be evaluated.IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF EMPLOYEE PROMOTIONSA promotion is not only a way to add more responsibilities to an employee but is a major form of boosting employee motivation and morale. This results in high productivity and prevents your company from losing its valuable and important employees. There are many benefits and advantages of promoting employees regularly for their efforts, and the following are some of the main ones:Recognizes Improves employee performance, ambition, and hard work: One of the most important benefits of employee promotion is that it helps you to recognize and acknowledge the performance and hard work of your employees and thus makes them feel valued. When an employee’s efforts are valued, he/she tends to work harder and tries to improve his/her performance further which in turn works for the business. A promotion also improves the ambition of em ployees and boosts their passion for reaching their goals as well as the objectives of your organization.Boosts motivation increases loyalty of employees: An employee who gets promoted tends to feel more inspired and motivated to continue doing the good work, and this is yet another reason why promotions are so important. This increase in motivation leads to better productivity and performance that in turn works in the favor of your organization. Moreover, a promotion also improves and increases loyalty among the employees since they tend to feel a sense of belonging in the workplace and start thinking in its favor.Encourages retention: When the right talent is identified by the management and timely promotion is practiced, the deserving and skilled employees may not be forced to leave the workplace. This improves the retention of the skilled and talented employees and thus benefits the workplace even further. By retaining top level workers and employees, your organization prevents the need for hiring new talent and then grooming them all over again, thus saving time and money.Develops competitive spirit at the workplace: When the better team person gets promoted, the other team members may be charged and motivated to perform better than them, and this helps to develop a healthy competitive spirit at the workplace. This kind of a spirit is good for an organization since it promises good performances all around and hence an overall improved productivity.Grooms leaders for the future: When the management decides to promote employees for their hard work, they are basically recognizing talent and finding future leaders. This identification of future leaders enables them to groom employees for the future and makes them explore their skills and talent further. Grooming leaders for the future is beneficial for the organization and helps to improve the overall productivity.Reduces employee resistance and discontent: If employees go on working hard without any appreci ation, praise or appraisal, a sense of discontent and resistance may crop up, and this may not be good for the organization. This can even make their performance go down, hence proving negative for the company. But internal promotion can help to reduce employee resistance and discontent.WHEN TO PROMOTE EMPLOYEESFor an organization, deciding whether or not an employee is ready for promotion can be a challenge. Not all employees may be ready for an appraisal or a promotion due to lack of the length of service, the right number of achievements as well as lack of the needed skills and experience at the given position. A promotion is an important decision since it doesn’t only involve change in rank but also more duties and responsibilities and hence must be taken after careful assessment and evaluation of one’s skills, performance and several other factors, that have been given below:Performance â€" One of the most important points for evaluating when is the right time to promote an employee is to assess or evaluate his/her performance over a given period of time.Length of service (seniority) Another thing to take into consideration for knowing when the employee is ready for promotion or not is the length of service. The number of years that one has also served determines the time of promotion.Merit and ability The merit and the ability of the individual, is also a great tool to measure the overall worthiness of the employee’s promotion.Educational/technical qualifications The educational and technical qualifications is also a measure or decision-making tool as far as the promotion is concerned.Assessment of potential The amount of potential one has in him to perform in the future or at a new position should also be assessed before deciding about promotions.Spacing of the promotion and career span of the individual Another thing that must be considered when considering the promotion for an employee is the time since the last promotion.Training The amou nt of training an employee has been given or the level to which he/she has also been groomed acts as a deciding factor.When to take the decision of promoting employeesThe decision to promote employees or not differs for lower level employees to management level employees. Let’s look at some aspects that one looks for to take this decision at both these levels:A) For lower-level employees:When they excel beyond expectations When employees continue to work and excel beyond the expectations and give a consistent performance, then this could be one sign that they are ready for a promotion. When their performance surpasses what is required of them, then this means that they are self-motivated to give their best and may be able to perform well at a higher position as well.They do beyond just completing their task Besides completing their task and duties, when an employee begins to go a step beyond and do additional tasks, then this too could mean that he/she is now ready to be given m ore responsibilities and will be capable of handling more work at a higher position. This means that they are naturally capable of taking in more and giving out more.When they are highly committed to their work While some employees need to be pushed to deliver, others are just natural committed and dedicated to what they do, and this comes across in their work and attitude. When a junior level or lower level employee begins to show genuine commitment towards his/her duties and responsibilities, then this can be one sign that the employee may be ready for more responsibilities or an appraisal. This commitment can be seen in the time the employee spends to complete a task till the end, the number of breaks he/she takes, the willingness to take new tasks, etc.When they prove to be very adaptive When a lower level employee proves to the management that he/she can easily adapt and adjust working with teams, in different settings and can handle change well, and then he/she automatically throws a good impression. You as an employer need adaptive and flexible employees and someone who shows this quality can be considered for promotion too. Someone who is adaptive and adjusting does not take the time to produce the same level of results in different settings and is hence an asset.They have already mastered their task or technical craft When an employee has already mastered his/her technical craft well at the given position, then this means that it is time now to introduce him/her to further technical concepts and train him/her to learn new things. Hence when a lower level or entry level employee showcases excellence at his/her work, then it may be time for you to promote him.When they start helping others An employee of your company will be able to help and support others around him only if he/she is comfortable with his/her work and completes it on time. Hence, if you observe a particular employee extending a helping hand to others with their work, then this may j ust be a sign to consider him/her for an appraisal or promotion. This also means that he/she is looking out for others to ensure the business’s overall success that too is an encouraging sign.B) For management-level employees:Besides the points mentioned above, you can consider the following for the decision-making process for management level employees:When they are capable of managing themselves When it comes to management level employees, one of the best signs that can help you know that it is time to promote them is when they become capable of managing themselves, motivating themselves or handling their work without the need of supervision from senior employees. When they stop relying on your instructions and work towards the welfare of the business on their own, then this mean that you can give them more responsibilities to handle without a doubt.Their aim becomes success of your business When a manager of your organization puts behind his/her personal agenda and makes your business’s success his/her aim, then this too is a way to know that a promotion is on the cards. A subtle sign of this could be when ‘Mine’ becomes ‘Our’ in their little conversations regarding work.When they start showing responsibility, and ownership A sign of a future leader or an excellent administrator is the ability to take responsibility and convert each opportunity into success. When he/she begins to show a sense of ownership towards your business and makes it his/her personal responsibility to lead it towards success, then such an employee must be retained and promoted.They start volunteering for superior roles One of the greatest signs to look for in an employee to know that he/she is ready for a promotion is when he/she starts volunteering for superior roles, more responsibilities, and better opportunities. This means that he/she is willing to take more work, contribute in a much bigger way and is ready to take on the next step.HOW TO PROMOTE EMPLOYEESNow tha t you know how to identify whether an employee is ready for promotion or not, it is time to figure out how you would promote him/her. Promotion is not just the upward or forward reassignment of an employee of your workplace but is a properly structured process that must remain within the bounds of the organization’s hierarchy. Hence, a proper process of promotion of employees must be followed which is fair for all and biased for none. The following given information will help you know how to promote your employees:Models and schemes of promotionThere are several different schemes and models of promotions. Every organization either chooses one of these methods or applies a combination of one or more such models to promote their employees. Let’s take a look at some of the most used and popular methods:Noncompetitive model of promotionPromotions that are based on the standard set of achievements and accomplishments of employees are known as noncompetitive promotions. In such promot ions, employees are promoted once they reach a certain milestone in their career journey, irrespective of variable features like performance and dedication, etc. These types of promotions work seamlessly for all the employees, and there is no scope for a bias or unfair appraisal.Time scale promotion (Based merely on seniority) A time scale promotion is a kind of a noncompetitive promotion which takes place after the person has spent a standard or fixed number of years working for the organization or working at a particular position in the organization.Accretion of Duties In the case when a person has to be promoted due to an increase in his/her workload or duties is also a noncompetitive method of promotion.Adhocism In some cases, an organization may have to promote someone without following any policy but just to meet the needs of crucial or urgent times or situations.Competitive model of promotionA competitive model of promotion is a method in which employees have to prove thei r worth to employers in order to be promoted to a higher rank or position. Unlike the noncompetitive method, this method takes into account employee performance, productivity, skills, experience, knowledge and other such factors. There is a comparison of employees on the basis of their hard work and performance in this model.Merit-based promotion Merit-based promotions are competitive types of promotions in which a person is promoted on the basis of their skills, performance, knowledge, hard work and qualifications.Merit-cum-seniority Merit-cum-seniority promotions are those types of promotions where a balance between the merit as well as the seniority of the individual is kept in mind before considering a promotion.Up-gradation promotion or Out promotionThis is the kind of a promotion method in which when the amount of pay increases without a change in the job or rank. In case of Out promotion, an employee seeks employment somewhere else because of being offered a better pay-scal e.Dry promotionIn this case, an employee is promoted to a higher rank but without an increase in the salary.Paper promotionPaper promotion takes place in government jobs that consist of several departments. These types of promotions take place on the basis of the seniority of an employee and are the ones in which the employee belonging to a parent department is given a promotion by another department from which it receives the hike in salary.

Opium Trade in China Essay - 2566 Words

Opium and Trade Opium as a topic of discussion can lead to many arguments either for or against the introduction of the drug into the Chinese society. Initially, these opinions began to circulate upon its initial presentation to the people of China in the late eighteenth century and late nineteenth century when its popularity and reputation were rather miniscule and mysterious. On one side, arguments favored its legalization and actually praised its distributors because of the positive impact, albeit temporarily, for the people of China in a hallucinogenic manner and the importers from other countries, that it had overall. The other side of the spectrum aimed towards the complete ban of the drug and punishment for all users and†¦show more content†¦If the use of opium were permitted, then the impact would have been generally positive, in that, there would be fewer smugglers to worry about breaking the law, and more profit would actually have been given to the Chinese govern ment since they would be included in all financial affairs of this matter. On the other hand, basing this drug trade on purely moral and economic terms, the people of China would constantly be in a state of intoxication because they would no longer be able to think and process clearly without the influence of this drug inside of their system, further hampering their abilities and talents, while the economy of the Chinese government also would not be able to possess the buying power that they would have previously had when they uncontrolled smuggling occurred (Aurin 429). It was from this that led me to believe that during the prohibition of opium in China, although enacted in 1729 and then deemed legal in 1858, the welfare of the global economies increased in financial capability, especially in China, Britain, the United States, and India, throughout the entire nineteenth century, even though this was through illegal means. Considering both sides, I strongly believe that the reas on for the strength of the superpowers in worldly capitalism is due to the increased amount of smuggling, albeit illegal, of opiumShow MoreRelatedOpium Wars: The Trade Disputes over Opium between China and Britain 1804 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Opium entered China on the back of a camel, and ended up breaking the back of an entire nation† -Unknown This paper studies the trade disputes over opium between China and Britain and the two wars that resulted from these disputes in the 19th century. The focus of this paper will primarily be British actions in the years leading up to the Wars, the Wars themselves, and the aftermath of the Wars. The first war was fought between 1839 and 1842, while the second was fought fromRead MoreBritish And Chinese Trade Of Opium Into China Caused The Corruption And Eventual Downfall Of The Qing Dynasty1730 Words   |  7 Pagesand Chinese trade of opium into China caused the corruption and eventual downfall of the Qing dynasty. The main body of this investigation focuses on the corruption and failure of the Chinese government in controlling British incursions, which caused its citizens to rebel and thus began the downfall of the Qing Dynasty. The introductions of opium to China and the effects it had on China will be assessed in accordance to origin, value, purpose, and limitation. The British and Chinese trade in relationRead MoreThe First Opium War And Its Effects On China1407 Words   |  6 Pagesled to drastic changes in China itself. Many of these events have been internal struggles with China. Some events have been external, such as the First Opium War. The First Opium war, which lasted from 1839 to 1842, led to several economic and political changes in China. The Opium War is considered more that just a war, the results created a deep impact on China and the Western World. For hundreds of years, China had isolated themselves from the world and from foreign trade, but a single dispute overRead MoreCauses Of The Opium Wars1048 Words   |  5 PagesThe Opium Wars were a series of conflicts that eventually led to China’s decline through the trade and abuse of the drug opium. The first of the Opium Wars (1839-42) was fought between China and Britain, and the second war (1856-1860) involved France as well. In both wars, the foreign powers triumphed over China, cau sing havoc, causing the fall of the Qing dynasty. Prior to the Opium Wars, China was full of rich culture, remarkable goods, and useful inventions. They had invented gunpowder, kitesRead MoreThe Opium Wars Of The 19th Century1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe Opium Wars Imperial China was one of the greatest civilizations. It was leading in its inventions, trading routes, and craftsmanship. Beginning in 221 BC, it lasted up till the final Qing Dynasty. It’s downfall can be attributed to the introduction of the drug, opium, from the west. It’s introduction inspired two wars, namely The Opium wars of the 19th century. In the 18th century, the country was flourishing, while it had control of international trade. By the 19th century, China hadRead MoreEssay on Opium Wars in China852 Words   |  4 PagesOpium Wars in China The Opium Wars were a series of three wars between the Chinese and the British; primarily fought in regard to the illegal trade of opium in China during the 19th century. They manifested the conflicting natures of both nations and demonstrated China’s misconceptions of its own superiority. The Opium Wars resulted in the humiliating defeat of the Chinese to a country they considered to be â€Å"barbarians†. There were many problems with the system of trade in China; even beforeRead MoreTrade Imbalance Between China And China1674 Words   |  7 PagesChinese good and trade in tea was very lucrative. However, this created a trade imbalance because Western goods had no market in China. China was a self-sustaining country and that make it harder for Western merchant to trade with them. Apart from that, the merchants had a hard time getting into Chinese market and had to deal through Chinese middlemen in Canton. At this point, the British money had moved on from silver, but the Chinese were still using silver currency. In order to trade with the ChineseRead MoreDBQ: Opium in China Essay examples1745 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ DBQ: Opium in China While most of the Western Hemisphere was undergoing drastic advancements, such as former colonies gaining their independence and transforming into more modernized nations, a lot of mishaps were occurring in the Eastern Hemisphere—China, specifically—a nation that was notorious for its isolation from foreign influences. European nations began to greedily eye China’s abundance of desirable resources, such as tea, porcelain, and silk. However, China had very little need orRead MoreEssay On Favorable Trade764 Words   |  4 PagesThe Battle for Favorable Trade In a matter of three years, ranging from 1839 to 1842, China and Britain go head to head in all out battle for the use of drugs, and a favorable balance of trade. This certain drug is called Opium. Opium has a very addictive ingredient in it that China was very observant about at their time. China was so observant that their emperor decided to expose the Western Countries, and China decided to ban all use of Opium in their country. Although a problem arose, BritainRead MoreThe Opium Problem Of China During The Nineteenth Century Essay955 Words   |  4 Pages The opium problem in China during the nineteenth century was primarily viewed as an issue created by foreign traders bringing opium into their empire. Zhu Zun and Xu Naiji wrote memoranda in 1863 elucidating their diverging view to the government on how to combat the issue of opium use and trade. Xu advocated for the relaxing of anti-opium laws as a means of reducing illegal smuggling, while Zhu contends that more stringent enf orcement of anti-opium laws is the preferable policy, which Commissioner

What Is The Learning Goal You Have Identified For Your...

What is the learning goal you have identified for your students? To help students understand the many roles and facts of Lincoln and Washington, and brainstorm of what they would want to do as president. What state adopted academic or content standard(s) are you addressing? (Provide the name of the standards document, the grade level, the correct numerical citation, and the text of the standard(s) you select.) Mn K-12 Academic Standards Social Studies. 1st grade. 1.1.4.6.1. Identify the president of the United States; explain that voting determines who will be president. What is your objective(s) for this lesson? Identify what the students will be able to do following Instruction. Include an action verb (observable behavior), and criteria for success. 1st grade students will identify 1 fact about George Washington and 1 fact about Abraham Lincoln on the top of the worksheet and create 3 complete sentences explaining what they would do if they were president on the bottom of the worksheet given. Continuity of Lessons: Describe your lesson sequence. How do the prior and subsequent lessons affect what you will be teaching and what you will be expecting students to do? How will you build on what students have learned in previous lessons and use what they know to support them in meeting expectations of the next lesson? How have you made use of student assessment from previous lessons to make andShow MoreRelatedunti 301- understanding roles, responsibilities and relationships in education training1367 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationships in education and training Task A As a teacher in the learning environment I feel it is very important to meet the requirements and needs of the Students. It is the teacher’s responsibility to ensure that the Students feel that they can express themselves and self realise their true potential. The single most important attribute of a good teacher is that they are approachable in all aspects of the training. You are responsible for the guiding, developing and the overall safeguardingRead MoreEducational Plan for a Health Care Administration Degree Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategies, a student will be able to master all the courses required to obtain a degree. Many cognitive strategies can benefit the student if applied. 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InRead MoreEducational Setting Parents Have Rights1103 Words   |  5 PagesIn any educational setting parents have rights. Parents are the life line in the education system. If parents are not involved or motivate d to provide their students with an education then the education will not happen. Parents have the right to make sure that their child is properly educated and have a right to know what is happening within their child’s school day. The parent has rights to voice opinions over their child’s education as well. Secretary Paige said, â€Å"There is no more powerfulRead MoreAn Evaluation Of An Rti Model Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagesand what is MTSS? And expand on answering these seven questions: What role do you think the special education teacher plays in these models? What role do you think the general education teacher plays in these models? What are some of the different ways a school can structure all three of these models? 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The end goal of any society as it addresses the problem of education is to raise the ability, the initiative and the cultural level, and with all of that the survival level of that society. Do you agree with the concept? The key to a dynamic society is to value learning and education

Holographics and Virtual Reality Free Essays

HOLOGRAPHICS AND VIRTUAL REALITY Major KVP Dhammika M. Phill(Electronic and Telecommunication)Engineering Mid Career Course -45 Military College of Signal Rawalpindi – Pakistan Nov 2011 CONTENT 1. Introduction 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Holographics and Virtual Reality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aim 3. History and Background 4. Important Concepts 5. Type of Virtual Reality Systems 6. Few Virtual Reality Techniques that Actually Work at Present 7. The Extreme Future of Virtual Reality 8. Conclusion INTRODUCTION What is real? How do you define real? If you’re talking about what you can hear, what you can smell, taste and feel, then real is simply electrical signals interpreted by your brain. Morpheus (The Matrix) 1. It was my own belief next coming decade word virtual will be a very common to everyone since we all living in margin of real world and virtual world (Kind of dream world). When I started my high school studies in mathematics concept of imaginary numbers make me so confused but thought of its real existence me more confused. When I looked through a mirror I always thought imaginary world which was explained to me in complex numbers are exist inside the world that I am observing through a mirror. 2. When I was a kid TV show â€Å"Star Trek† and â€Å"Blake’s 7† induced my desire to study about Teleportation  (term that refers to a number of theories and notions concerning the transfer of  matter  from one point to another without traversing the physical space between them, similar to the concept  Ã¢â‚¬Å"apport†, an earlier word used in the context of spiritualism). Figure 1 Star Trek Teleportation Further my desire to learn concepts of Holography and Virtual Reality (VR) was stimulated due to two popular movies â€Å"Total Recall† and â€Å"Matrix†. . To day scientist had found that everything we experience in life can be reduced to electrical activity stimulating our brains as our sensory organs deliver information about the external world. This interpretation is what we consider to be â€Å"reality. † In this sense, the brain is reality. Everything you see, hear, feel, taste and smell is an interpretation of what’s outside, and created entirely inside your head. We tend to believe that this interpretation matches very closely to the external world. Nothing could be further from the truth. 4. It is the brain that â€Å"sees†, and in some important ways what it sees does not reflect the information it derives from sensory input. For this reason, we are all living in our own reality simulations – abstractions – that we construct as a result of both what we perceive with our senses and how our brains modify this perception. Such things as color, smell and taste, for example are not properties of the outside world itself, but rather a category created by the process of perception. In order to experience the world in a meaningful way, the brain must act as a filter/interference between us and the â€Å"real† world. 5. Words have always been a crude method of relaying intent. VR holds out the promise of allowing us to literally show one another what we mean rather than merely describing it with crude verbal approximations. The limitation of words is that the meaning they convey is only as detailed as the definitions the reader or listener attaches to them. For this reason VR offers the possibility of evolving our communication into a kind of telepathy, ultimately bridging the gap between our discrete imaginations. â€Å"This is what virtual reality holds out to us – the possibility of walking into the constructs of the imagination. † – Terence McKenna 6. VR is the ultimate medium of syntactical intent; the only way to figuratively â€Å"show† someone exactly what you mean is to literally show them. Words are exceptionally ineffective at conveying meaning, as they are a low-bandwidth, lossy medium of knowledge transference. VR will let us remove the ambiguity that is the discrepancy between our internal dictionaries and bypass communication through symbolism altogether. The result will be perfect understanding, as all parties behold the same information. 7. Holography  is a technique that allows the  light  scattered from an object to be recorded and later reconstructed so that when an imaging system (a camera or an eye) is placed in the reconstructed beam, an image of the object will be seen even when the object is no longer present. The image changes as the position and orientation of the viewing system changes in exactly the same way as if the object were still present, thus making the image appear  three-dimensional. 8. Virtual reality is an artificial environment that is created with software and presented to the user in such a way that the user suspends belief and accepts it as a real environment. On a computer, virtual reality is primarily experienced through two of the five senses: sight and sound. Today its go beyond and planning to experience in all five senses. 9. The simplest form of virtual reality is a  3-D  image that can be explored interactively at a personal computer, usually by manipulating keys or the mouse so that the content of the image moves in some direction or zooms in or out. More sophisticated efforts involve such approaches as wrap-around display screens, actual rooms augmented with wearable computers, and  haptics (  tactile feedback  technology that takes advantage of a user’s sense of touch by applying forces,  vibrations, or motions to the user)  devices that let you feel the display images. 0. Today we are in a world where human being reached their new electronic telecommunication advancement to practically feasible of projecting holographic images, virtual reality games and Telepresence (refers to a set of  technologies  which allow a person to feel as if they were present, to give the appearance of being present, or to have an effect, via  tele-robotics, at a place other than their true locat ion). 11. These two field application can be expected in almost all the fields. Specially military, education, business and entertainment. AIM 12. Aim of this research work is to acquaint student officers immerging new two technologies, holography and virtual reality. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND 13. In mid 1950s visionary cinematographer Morton H Eilig built a single user console called â€Å"Sensorama† that included a stereoscopic display, fans, or emitters, stereo speakers and a moving chair. This enabled the user watch television in three dimensional ways. 14. In 1961, Philco Corporation engineers developed the first HMD known as the â€Å"Headsight†. The helmet consisted of a video screen along with a tracking system. Then they linked to a closed circuit camera system. Then somewhat similar HMD was used for helicopter pilots. While flying in the dark these were of great help. 15. In 1965, a computer scientist named Ivan Sutherland envisioned what he called the â€Å"Ultimate Display. † After using this display a person imagines the virtual world very similar to the real world. During 1966, an HMD was built by Sutherland, which was tethered to a computer system. The thought of virtual reality has been around since 1965, when Ivan Sutherland expressed his ideas of creating virtual or imaginary worlds. At MIT, he conducted experiments with three dimensional displays. In 1969, he developed the first system to surround people in three dimensional displays of information. Between the ’70’s and late ’80’s, the concept of virtual reality was mainly used by the United States. The military used it as flight simulators to train pilots. The other countries in the world did not show any interest in this technology until the late 1980’s. Since then, virtual reality has developed in many ways to become an emerging technology of our time. 16. To my own thought we experiencing some kind of virtual reality in our own dreams. When you are in deep sleep you see dreams that you may feel it real. Day dreams also plays very vital role, all form of these dreams help to create great sciences, fictions and all form of arts. In virtual reality technology we are trying to create dream world in real life where we won’t be able to identify margin between real world and virtual world. In other way round optical illusions we experiencing like mirage and rainbows also like holographic projection humans are about to experience. 17. Holography was discovered by the British-Hungarian scientist Dennis Gabor in 1947, though its full potential waited it seems, on the birth of the laser, 1963. Holography is defined as  the process of wavefront reconstruction. In considering one of the several methods of constructing a hologram, the principles we require for understanding the process are simple. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS 18. The concepts behind virtual reality are based upon theories about a long held human desire to escape the boundaries of the ‘real world’ by embracing cyberspace. Once there we can interact with this virtual environment in a more naturalistic manner which will generate new forms of human-machine interaction (HMI). The aim is to move beyond standard forms of interaction such as the keyboard and mouse which most people work with on a daily basis. This is seen as an unnatural way of working which forces people to adapt to the demands of the technology rather than the other way around. But a virtual environment does the opposite. It allows someone to fully immerse themselves in a highly visual world which they explore by means of their senses. This natural form of interaction within this world often results in new forms of communication and understanding. 19. The experience of a virtual world mimics that of a real world scenario but often without many of its constraints. Virtual reality enables allows someone to do the following: a. Walk around a three-dimensional building b. Perform a virtual operation. c. Play a multi-user game. d. Take part in a theatre of war. e. Interact with an artwork. Plus the fact that they can do this in a 3D environment means that they replicate an experience similar to that in the real world but without many of the dangers. This is preferable to trying to simulate these experiences in a two-dimensional setting, e. g. a computer desktop. 0. Virtual reality also acts as a problem solving device in that it enables us to explore various options as a means of finding an answer to a problem. For example, an engineering company will use virtual reality to produce a prototype which is then tested and the results fed back to the design team. The advantage of this is that it enables the designers to make alterations to their design but at far less time and cost. This is a preferred option to building a physical prototype which is expensive to build and make changes to: especially if it undergoes several alterations as part of the design process. Holography Concept. 21. Holography is an image registered with use of coherent laser light. It allows preserving the 3-D information of a holographed subject. With a single source of white light, the image is â€Å"played back† and appears in 3-D exactly as it was registered in the studio. Image can project deep inside, or â€Å"stick† out of the picture. Virtually impossible to copy and displaying unique visual effects, they present themselves as an unbeatable security solution for brand protection and brand promotion. 22. The Holography is based upon Nobel Prize winner Dennis Gabor’s theory concerning interference patterns. Gabor theorized in 1947 that each crest of the wave pattern contains the whole information of its original source, and that this information could be stored on film and reproduced. This is why it is called a Holography. 23. Holography is the only visual recording and playback process that can record our three-dimensional world on a two-dimensional recording medium and playback the original object or scene, to the unaided eyes, as a three dimensional image. The image demonstrates complete parallax and depth-of-field. The image floats in space either behind, in front of, or straddling the recording medium The Universe as a Holography 24. In 1982 a remarkable event took place. Aspect and his team discovered that under certain circumstances subatomic particles such as electrons are able to instantaneously communicate with each other regardless of the distance separating them. University of London physicist David Bohm, for example, believes Aspect’s findings imply that objective reality does not exist, that despite its apparent solidity the universe is at heart a phantasm, a gigantic and splendidly detailed Holography. To understand why Bohm makes this startling assertion, one must first understand a little about Holographys. A Holography is a three- dimensional photograph made with the aid of a laser. To make a Holography, the object to be photographed is first bathed in the light of a laser beam. When the film is developed, it looks like a meaningless swirl of light and dark lines. But as soon as the developed film is illuminated by another laser beam, a three-dimensional image of the original object appears. 24. If a Holography of a rose is cut in half and then illuminated by a laser, each half will still be found to contain the entire image of the rose. Indeed, even if the halves are divided again, each snippet of film will always be found to contain a smaller but intact version of the original image. Unlike normal photographs, every part of a Holography contains all the information possessed by the whole. 25. This insight suggested to Bohm another way of understanding Aspect’s discovery. Imagine an aquarium containing a fish. This, says Bohm, is precisely what is going on between the subatomic particles in Aspect’s experiment. 6. According to Bohm, the apparent faster-than-light connection between subatomic particles is really telling us that there is a deeper level of reality we are not privy to, a more complex dimension beyond our own that is analogous to the aquarium. And, he adds, we view objects such as subatomic particles as separate from one another because we are seei ng only a portion of their reality. Such particles are not separate â€Å"parts†, but facets of a deeper and more underlying unity that is ultimately as holographic and indivisible as the previously mentioned rose. And since everything in physical reality is comprised of these â€Å"eidolons†, the universe is itself a projection, a Holography. In addition to its phantomlike nature, such a universe would possess other rather startling features. If the apparent separateness of subatomic particles is illusory, it means that at a deeper level of reality all things in the universe are infinitely interconnected. 27. In a holographic universe, even time and space could no longer be viewed as fundamentals. What else the superHolography contains is an open-ended question. Bohm is not the only researcher who has found evidence that the universe is a Holography. Working independently in the field of brain research, Standford neurophysiologist Karl Pribram has also become persuaded of the holographic nature of reality. 28. Pribram was drawn to the holographic model by the puzzle of how and where memories are stored in the brain. In a series of landmark experiments in the 1920s, brain scientist Karl Lashley found that no matter what portion of a rat’s brain he removed he was unable to radicate its memory of how to perform complex tasks it had learned prior to surgery. Then in the 1960s Pribram encountered the concept of holography and realized he had found the explanation brain scientists had been looking for. Pribram believes memories are encoded not in neurons, or small groupings of neurons, but in patterns of nerve impulses that crisscross the entire brain in the same way that patterns of laser light interference crisscross the entire area of a piece of film containing a holographic image. In other words, Pribram believes the brain is itself a Holography. 9. Pribram’s theory also explains how the human brain can store so many memories in so little space. It has been estimated that the human brain has the capacity to memorize something on the order of 10 billion bits of information during the average human lifetime (or roughly the same amount of information contained in five sets of the Encyclopaedia Britannica). 30. Our uncanny ability to quickly retrieve whatever information we need from the enormous store of our memories becomes more understandable if the brain functions according to holographic principles. Because every portion of a Holography is infinitely interconnected with ever other portion, it is perhaps nature’s supreme example of a cross-correlated system. 31. The storage of memory is not the only neurophysiological puzzle that becomes more tractable in light of Pribram’s holographic model of the brain. Another is how the brain is able to translate the avalanche of frequencies it receives via the senses (light frequencies, sound frequencies, and so on) into the concrete world of our perceptions. Encoding and decoding frequencies is precisely what a Holography does best. Just as a Holography functions as a sort of lens, a translating device able to convert an apparently meaningless blur of frequencies into a coherent image, Pribram believes the brain also comprises a lens and uses holographic principles to mathematically convert the frequencies it receives through he senses into the inner world of our perceptions. 32. An impressive body of evidence suggests that the brain uses holographic principles to perform its operations. Argentinian-Italian researcher Hugo Zucarelli recently extended the holographic model into the world of acoustic phenomena. Puzzled by the fact that humans can locate the source of sounds without moving their heads, even if they only possess hearing in one ear, Zucarelli discovered that holographic principles can explain this ability. Pribram’s belief that our brains mathematically construct â€Å"hard† reality by relying on input from a frequency domain has also received a good deal of experimental support. 33. Researchers have discovered, for instance, that our visual systems are sensitive to sound frequencies, that our sense of smell is in part dependent on what are now called â€Å"osmic frequencies†, and that even the cells in our bodies are sensitive to a broad range of frequencies. For if the concreteness of the world is but a secondary reality and what is â€Å"there† is actually a holographic blur of frequencies, and if the brain is also a Holography and only selects some of the frequencies out of this blur and mathematically transforms them into sensory perceptions, what becomes of objective reality? 4. We are really â€Å"receivers† floating through a kaleidoscopic sea of frequency, and what we extract from this sea and transmogrify into physical reality is but one channel from many extracted out of the superHolography. 35. This striking new picture of reality, the synthesis of Bohm and Pribram’s views, has come to be called the holographic paradigm, an d although many scientists have greeted it with skepticism, it has galvanized others. A small but growing group of researchers believe it may be the most accurate model of reality science has arrived at thus far. Numerous researchers, including Bohm and Pribram, have noted that many para-psychological phenomena become much more understandable in terms of the holographic paradigm. 36. In a universe in which individual brains are actually indivisible portions of the greater Holography and everything is infinitely interconnected, telepathy may merely be the accessing of the holographic level. It is obviously much easier to understand how information can travel from the mind of individual ‘A’ to that of individual ‘B’ at a far distance point and helps to understand a number of unsolved puzzles in psychology. In particular, Grof feels the holographic paradigm offers a model for understanding many of the baffling phenomena experienced by individuals during altered states of consciousness. TYPES OF VR SYSTEMS 37. This section describes some of the common modes used in VR systems. a. Window on World Systems (WoW) Some systems use a conventional computer monitor to display the visual world. This sometimes called Desktop VR or a Window on a World (WoW). This concept traces its lineage back through the entire history of computer graphics. In 1965, Ivan Sutherland laid out a research program for computer graphics in a paper called â€Å"The Ultimate Display† that has driven the field for the past nearly thirty years. â€Å"One must look at a display screen,† he said, â€Å"as a window through which one beholds a virtual world. The challenge to computer graphics is to make the picture in the window look real, sound real and the objects act real. † b. Video Mapping A variation of the WoW approach merges a video input of the user’s silhouette with a 2D computer graphic. The user watches a monitor that shows his body’s interaction with the world. Myron Kruger has been a champion of this form of VR since the late 60’s. He has published two books on the subject: â€Å"Artificial Reality† and â€Å"Artificial Reality II†. At least one commercial system uses this approach, the Mandala system. This system is based on a Commodore Amiga with some added hardware and software. A version of the Mandala is used by the cable TV channel Nickelodeon for a game show (Nick Arcade) to put the contestants into what appears to be a large video game. c. Immersive Systems The ultimate VR systems completely immerse the user’s personal viewpoint inside the virtual world. These â€Å"immersive† VR systems are often equipped with a Head Mounted Display (HMD). This is a helmet or a face mask that holds the visual and auditory displays. The helmet may be free ranging, tethered, or it might be attached to some sort of a boom armature. A nice variation of the immersive systems use multiple large projection displays to create a ‘Cave’ or room in which the viewer(s) stand. An early implementation was called â€Å"The Closet Cathedral† for the ability to create the impression of an immense environment. within a small physical space. The Holodeck used in the television series â€Å"Star Trek: The Next Generation† is afar term extrapolation of this technology. d. Telepresence Telepresence is a variation on visualizing complete computer generated worlds. This a technology links remote sensors in the real world with the senses of a human operator. The remote sensors might be located on a robot, or they might be on the ends of WALDO like tools. Fire fighters use remotely operated vehicles to handle some dangerous conditions. Surgeons are using very small instruments on cables to do surgery without cutting a major hole in their patients. The instruments have a small video camera at the business end. Robots equipped with telepresence systems have already changed the way deep sea and volcanic exploration is done. NASA plans to use telerobotics for space exploration. There is currently a joint US/Russian project researching telepresence for space rover exploration. e. Mixed Reality Merging the Telepresence and Virtual Reality systems gives the Mixed Reality or Seamless Simulation systems. Here the computer generated inputs are merged with telepresence inputs and/or the users view of the real world. A surgeon’s view of a brain surgery is overlaid with images from earlier CAT scans and real-time ultrasound. A fighter pilot sees computer generated maps and data displays inside his fancy helmet visor or on cockpit displays. The phrase â€Å"fish tank virtual reality† was used to describe a Canadian VR system reported in the 1993 InterCHI proceedings. It combines a stereoscopic monitor display using liquid crystal shutter glasses with a mechanical head tracker. The resulting system is superior to simple stereo-WoW systems due to the motion parallax effects introduced by the head tracker. What Is Virtual World? 39. Virtual worlds are three dimensional environments in which you can interact with others and create objects as part of that interaction. How do you do that? You appear as an avatar in the virtual world: an avatar is a virtual representation of you (a ‘virtual ego’) which can take on any shape or form as you so wish. 40. There are a range of virtual worlds to choose from which include fantasy, sport, historical and science fiction. Some are loosely based upon the real world but others such as fantasy worlds are as the name says: they are completely disconnected from the real world which is also part of their attraction. With virtual worlds, men appear as women and vice versa. Some people choose an animal as their alter ego. Whatever you choose the aim is to socially interact with other people in new and exciting ways. This all adds to the experience. You can communicate with another person using text, sound, graphical images and gesture. Some of the more advanced worlds allow you to use voice or touch. FEW VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLOGIES THAT ACTUALLY WORK AT PRESENT 41. So far, virtual reality has mostly  been a colossal disappointment. But VR has had its share of breakthroughs and innovative applications. Here are few VR technologies that work and that may yet point the way to truly successful virtual reality. a. Anxiety Therapy For years now, virtual environments have been used to  treat anxiety problems  with exposure therapy. Psychologists treat phobias and post traumatic stress disorder by exposing the patient to the thing that causes them anxiety and letting the anxiety dissipate on its own. But this proves difficult if your stressor is a battlefield in Iraq. Enter virtual reality. Military psychologists use simulated Iraq war situations to treat soldiers. Other therapeutic VR uses include treating a fear of flying, fear of elevators, and even a â€Å"virtual nicotine craving† simulator for smoking addiction. b. VR Training Programs Virtual reality environments have also been used for training simulators. The earliest examples were flight simulators but VR training has expanded beyond just that. There are many modern military examples, including Iraqi cultural situations and battlefield simulators for soldiers. Other examples include counter-terrorism, para-trooping, welding, and mining training simulators. c. Multiplayer Online Gaming One result of virtual-reality research is the existence of entirely separate virtual worlds, inhabited entirely by the avatars of real world users. These worlds are sometimes referred to as massively multiplayer online games, and the  World of Warcraft  is the largest virtual gaming world in use now, with 11. 5 million subscribers. Another example is  Second Life. The world of Second Life can’t really be classified as a game, since the goal seems really just to be to wander around and interact with people, much like the real world. There is even a  Second Life Shakespeare Company  that performs Shakespeare’s works within Second Life. d. The Nintendo Wii Probably the most successful cousin of virtual reality on the market today is the Nintento Wii. The Wii owes its motion capture and intuitive interaction concepts to the virtual reality technologies of the past. The controller is basically a simplified version of the â€Å"virtual reality glove. † Both the Wiimote and the Wii Fit offer users another way of interacting with their virtual environment without having to wear any bulky equipment. e. Medical Procedures Modern medicine has also found many uses for virtual reality. Doctors can interact with virtual systems to practice procedures or to do tiny surgical procedures on a larger scale. Surgeons have also started using virtual â€Å"twins† of their patients, to practice for surgery before doing the actual procedure. f. Project Natal The latest entry in the virtual reality inspired gaming world is  Project Natal, a new piece of technology under development now for the Xbox. Project Natal proposes a new way of interacting with games, and indeed with computer systems in general. In their demo video, they propose a system that requires no keyboard and no controller, where a user’s voice and motions serve as their method for interacting with the system. The demo video is impressive, but the technology has not been completed and released yet. When it does get released, however, virtual reality will take another giant step towards total immersion and common home usage. g. The Cave The term â€Å"CAVE† refers to any virtual reality system that uses multiple walls with multiple projectors to immerse users in a virtual world. The first CAVE was built in 1992 as a method of showing of scientific visualizations. Now, many universities have their own CAVE systems. The CAVE is used for visualizing data, for demonstrating 3D environments, and for virtually testing component parts of newly developed engineering projects. THE EXTREME FUTURE OF VIRTUAL REALITY 42. When it comes right down to it, having a physical body in a reality constrained by the limitations of the physical laws has many drawbacks. Our bodies are extremely fragile and can be damaged or killed in an instant if we are not careful, or are just plain unlucky. If anything goes wrong with a critical body part, the entire body could die. Our physical bodies are also deteriorated by aging. Either way, for now, if your body dies, your brain dies right along with it. Every human brain contains an immense wealth of information, memories, experiences and relationships. Every time a human brain dies, that incredible, unique wealth of knowledge dies with it, and is forever lost. The world is a dangerous place to inhabit in a fragile human body, and there are a lot of other problems that come with having a physical presence in a physical world. Using the bathroom, body odor, difficulty traveling, limitation of possibilities, just to name a few. Up to this point, we have had no alternative to life, besides death. Due to nanotechnology, there may come a time when people will actually have a choice between life in the â€Å"real world,† an existence inside a computer generated simulation, or death. Vertebrane – Enter The Matrix 43. â€Å"Vertebrane† is the term for a speculative brain-computer interface technology first proposed by Marshall Brain in the bookManna. The technology consists of a computer system packaged as a replacement for one of the upper cervical vertebra in the human spine. The Vertebrane system taps into all sensory and motor nerve bundles flowing to and from the brain. Vertebrane allows for augmented reality or a complete disconnection of the brain from the biological body and subsequent electronic reconnection to a virtual body typically inhabiting a virtual world. It would be the â€Å"ultimate videogame controller. † 44. Everything you enjoy about the real world and your real body it will be possible to duplicate exactly in the virtual environment. It will also be possible to improve everything you enjoy, and make virtually (pun intended) anything that was once impossible, possible for you. 45. The Vertebrane system itself would consist of a diminutive, yet extremely powerful nanocomputer. Power would come from a small onboard fuel cell that uses blood glucose to generate electricity. The system would be installed by a robotic surgeon which would sever the spinal cord and reroute it into the Vertebrane. All sensory nerve pathways (optic, auditory etc. ) would be tapped into the system. In pass-through mode, the Vertebrane would act as if it was not there, and you would be able to function completely normally. In â€Å"game† mode, the vertebrane would disconnect your brain from your body and reconnect it to your virtual avatar. The Day You Discard Your Body: 46. Given the choice of being in your real body vs. our avatar, you will choose your avatar every time. Therefore, your biological body will become redundant and irrelevant. It will become possible to discard your body and have only your brain housed in a Brain Storage Facility, connected to a vertebrane-type computer. Here, along with thousands of other brains, your brain will be encased in a protective, liq uid-filled life-support system chamber. This will eliminate all of the risks that come along with having a body. It will also greatly increase longevity by keeping the environmental conditions perpetually at ideal levels, and removing almost all risk factors of your previous life. Brain Storage Facilities will be maximum security, reinforced buildings, impervious to earthquakes, hurricanes, bombs, etc. Electronic Transcendence 47. Incredibly, it is possible to envision something even more radical than disembodied human brains connected to a simulated reality. The ultimate in virtual reality involves discarding not only your physical body, but also your physical brain. â€Å"Mind uploading,† â€Å"whole brain emulation,† or â€Å"mind transfer† is the theoretical process of transferring the essence of a biological brain into a computer system. There are several proposed techniques by which mind uploading could be achieved. Many mainstream research funders are not convinced of its feasibility; however some scientists do believe that this hypothetical and futuristic technology will one day become reality, so to speak. 48. Once uploaded, a mind would achieve immortality, existing as pure information, disassociated from the biological body and brain. The upload would be considered a form of artificial intelligence, sometimes referred to as an â€Å"infomorph† or â€Å"noomorph. † A digital mind could theoretically be backed up, copied, or restarted at various set points, raising interesting questions regarding individuality and identity. CONCLUSIONS If A Picture is worth a 1,000 words – How much is a Holographic Image worth these days? † 49. Holographic and Virtual Reality Technology has endless applications, as far as the human mind can imagine. These technologies are indeed available and getting more robust in abilities each year. Holographic and Virtual Reality Technologies ar e not just about art or business communication, they are about safety, security, education, planning and the strength of our civilization here and beyond. 50. From entertainment to data visualization we can see a bright future for Holographic Projection and the bending and manipulation of light. Those areas of society which most often bring about research and development funding in technology are present amongst the many potential applications for this science. It therefore stands to reason and makes common sense that Holographic Technologies and Spectral Imaging will become a very integral part of human societies and civilizations in the future. I am certain of that. The day people show there advertisements on clouds are very near. One fine day my son may ask from me (â€Å"ThaTha†) are you real or virtual. How to cite Holographics and Virtual Reality, Papers

Headaches Their Causes And Effects Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper All of us suffer from an occasional concern ; in fact, 20 million Americans see their physicians each twelvemonth because of concerns. Concerns are besides the taking cause for losing school and work in this state. There are many different types of concerns runing from merely ordinary hurting, to trouble associated with a upset or serious medical status. I d like to discourse the worst type of concern. The type of concern I d like to discourse, the Migraine, although intense in its hurting, is non associated with a medical status or hurt. The Migraine is a repeating pounding concern, impacting merely one side of the caput and frequently accompanied by many symptoms. Although many people use the word Migraine to depict any terrible concern, this is non right. Migraines are a specific concern caused by alterations in the blood vass that supply the encephalon. Normally, Migraines become less frequent with increasing age and are comparatively uncommon after the age of 50. We will write a custom essay sample on Headaches Their Causes And Effects Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After questioning my grandma, who is a particular instance Migraine sick person, she told me that her Migraines began when she was seven. Often in school she would hold the authoritative megrim symptoms- she would see merely half of her instructor and bright visible radiations and flashes up to 20 proceedingss before her Migraine began. These symptoms are called auras and one time they are gone the Migraine begins. The Migraine itself can take to purging, slurred address, makes the sick person sensitive to light and worsens when there is a batch of noise. The mechanism is non wholly understood, but many adult females have their most terrible onslaughts during or merely before their catamenial period. This is purportedly due to the hormonal instability during that clip. So, what can we make to forestall Migraines? Because Migraine concerns can repeat for old ages and medicine may take to side vitamin E ffects and bounce concerns bar is the cardinal facet in the direction of megrims. Pay close attending to your diet. See if avoiding certain nutrients can forestall a megrim. The three C s- Cheese, cocoa and citrous fruit are the most common nutrients which trigger megrims. I d like to discourse sleep wonts. While it s of import to acquire adequate remainder, avoid oversleeping every bit good. It s best to travel to bed and acquire up at about the same clip each twenty-four hours, since this helps to modulate and stabilise the encephalon s of import biological redstem storksbills. To do up for loss of slumber after a late dark, remainder or sleep subsequently in the twenty-four hours if necessary. Has anyone of all time read the ingredients of Excedrin? Well if you have you d hold noticed that Excedrin s three active ingredients are: Acetaminophen ( which is Tylenol ) , Asprin and surprisingly plenty, Caffeine. I remember a twenty-four hours last twelvemonth around the clip that we had finals, when my sister, I m non merely faulting her, it was truly her mistake, bought these pills named Vivavrin. Equally shortly as I took one of these pills my caput began to throb and I, who have a long household history of megrims, received one. Now, if Caffeine triggers Migraines, why would a Migraine medical specialty contain Caffeine to alleviate them? Caffeine is a stimulation and can rush up the bosom, raise blood force per unit area and interfere with relaxation. Caffeine is non a good thing to take when you don Ts have a concern. Queerly adequate, one time a concern has begun, Caffeine can be helpful. This is because Caffeine is an adjuvant- it enhances and quickens the effects of hur ting medical specialty. That is why it is added to many nonprescription medicines including Excedrin to handle concern hurting. To reason, a individual must pay close attending to his being. With the first symptoms of a terrible concern, it is best to confer with a physician who will carry on trials and set up a valid ground for the hurting.

Unethical Behavior in Accounting free essay sample

Accounting could best be described as a type of mechanism or language put in place in order to provide information with regards to the financial position of an organization or business. This type of information is critical to investors as it provides them with important and detailed information that could turn out to be the determining factor as to their decisions to invest or not to invest in a particular organization. Therefore, it is not uncommon to find unethical behavior in accounting as unethical practices come in different forms. Different situations that might lead to unethical practices in accounting include: †¢Misleading financial analysis in order to obtain personal gains †¢Misuse of funds †¢Exaggerating revenue †¢Purposely providing erroneous information in regards to expenses †¢Exaggerating the value of corporate assets †¢Purposely providing erroneous information in regards to liabilities †¢Securities fraud †¢Bribery Manipulation of financial markets †¢Inside trading Two examples of unethical practices in accounting are those of the 2002 Enron / Andersen and the WorldCom scandal. We will write a custom essay sample on Unethical Behavior in Accounting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both of these companies were involved in unethical accounting practices. While Enron was accused of a vast number of shady dealings that included concealing debts in order keep them from being reflected on the company’s accounts, WorldCom’s accounting practices were so fraudulent that the company was led into the largest bankruptcy in history. Unethical accounting practices and scandals of the caliber of the Enron / Andersen and the WorldCom scandals is what led the U. S. government to get involved and at the same time contributed to the government’s creation of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002. The Sarbanes – Oxley Act was created by the government with the intention to bring to an end unethical behavior by implementing strict auditing rules in accounting. However, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 addresses problems in the private sector; it does not address concerns in the public sector. The act has a noticeable impact on financial statements and it is to the benefit of investors, as the Sarbanes – Oxley act helps protect investors by forcing firms to disclose accurate information in regards to corporate disclosure, specifically that of financial statements.

The eNotes Blog The AlgonquinMarriott

The AlgonquinMarriott This week it was announced that the infamous Algonquin Hotel has been purchased by the Marriott hotel chain. In June of 1919, a group of writers,  critics,   journalists, and actors- among them, Dorothy Parker, Robert Benchley, Edna Ferber,   Alexander Woollcott, and  Harpo Marx- began meeting for lunch at the Algonquin Hotel.  The hotel was a short distance from the offices of The  New Yorker where many of the members worked. Jokingly, the members coined themselves The Vicious Circle, as they delighted in gossiping about and criticizing fellow artists. They did indeed meet at a round table for their banter and cooperated on projects there together.  The group members contributed to hit plays (No Sirree! by Robert Benchley), wrote best-selling books, and popular newspaper articles. Dorothy Parker, perhaps the groups most-often quoted member, coined many of her most memorable jabs while in session at the Algonquin Roundtable: This is not a novel to be tossed aside lightly. It should be thrown with great force. If all the girls who attended the Yale prom were laid end to end, I wouldnt be a bit surprised. If you want to know what God thinks of money, just look at the people he gave it to. There were those who did not support the group.  A number of writers found the Vicious Circle far too mean-spirited. The noted critic H. L. Mencken once commented to writer Anita Loos that their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely in the know and inordinately trashy.   Groucho Marx was not a fan either.  The price of admission is a serpents tongue and a half-concealed stiletto, he said. Despite its detractors, the gatherings lasted for nearly ten years.   However, by 1929, the  members had largely disbanded. Edna Ferber realized it was truly over when she arrived one day in 1932 and found a family from Kansas lunching at their table. The group split up, but its fame remained. As for the Algonquin, the management remained committed to supporting writers. Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe composed My Fair Lady while staying at the Algonquin, even though it is said that some guests complained about the noise. Will the Algonquin Marriott maintain its committment to supporting the arts? It remains to be seen.   There is a sign that perhaps they will continue the tradition, however. All guests at the hotel are  offered an Amazon Kindle, preloaded with the book of their choice.

DOES AGE MATTER IN A RELATIONSHIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

DOES AGE MATTER IN A RELATIONSHIP - Essay Example According to the authors, people will engage in relationships that they feel respected, appreciated, protected and comfortable to carry on. Psychological satisfaction is the basic importance that relationships such as marriage ought to achieve in an individual’s life. The importance of social satisfaction inside the marriage must always come from the individual, with personal life playing the important part. In this discourse, various perspectives of age gaps in a relationship are discussed to illustrate the importance of psychological interpretations in a relationship among various social settings and perspectives. Relationships have several considerations that ought to be made when individuals are planning to look for partner, probably to end up with in a marriage. There are differences of interpretation of the importance of age difference between compatible partners with regard to cultural and social settings. While there is a general observation that the majority of cultural settings prefer a relationship in which the male partner is expected to be slightly older than the female partner, there are more important psychological issues involved than the age consideration. To a large extent, age consideration can be categorized as an incidental factor that almost always compliments the other considerations that an intimate relationship needs. Social changes continue to be experienced across the human society at an unprecedented rate, paving way for a more liberal approach to relationship issues. For instance, it was a difficult consideration to make in earlier days on racial differences when ch oosing a marriage partner but with the numerous changes on social fronts, it has become easier for people to date and marry anyone from any race (Buhrmester and Furman, pp104-103). The human community is getting integrated and old order of perceptions is experiencing a huge departure to a

What Happens in Smart Cars Reflects Shifts That Occur in Global Supply Research Paper

What Happens in Smart Cars Reflects Shifts That Occur in Global Supply Chains - Research Paper Example This research paper will look at the various green strategies and the elements which are causing the strategies to alter as well as how this is affecting the green strategies which are currently within the market. The concept of green strategies is one which has recently emerged in the marketplace, making it an area of question and opportunity.   The research paper will ask:- What are the threats with green strategies?- What are the opportunities developed with green strategies?- How can companies work with green strategies to change the global supply chain?- What are the current developments that are driving forward green strategies?- What are the next steps for green strategies and the global supply chain?These various concepts will identify the problems and opportunities with green strategies as well as ways in which a company can create the right approaches to being a part of the green movement and the supply chain that is continuing to grow in demand from the available resourc es based on green strategies.   Through these different research studies, there will be recommendations about the green strategies and what can be done to sustain and develop the supply chain that is currently being developed.   By doing this, the correct initiatives can be taken to alter and transform the green strategies and expectations that are a part of the supply chain development.  The approach to green strategies is based on finding different environmental management systems that can offer new solutions.   The management systems are developed specifically with the ideology of having sustainable features with the supply chain while continuing to work toward constructive solutions within the environment.   The green strategies are furthered with the adaptation of diverse opportunities which are based on ways to cut back on the resources which are used while becoming more efficient with the supply and demand which is being built.   This is forming the foundation of the strategy for the green strategies while offering different ways of managing the needs that are a part of the systems.   The green strategies are able to adapt organizational components in terms of the types of supplies sent, number of supplies that are given or received at a time, materials used and the management that occurs with the supply and demand which occurs.   Each of these strategies combines with other concepts, such as corporate responsibility and the expectations which are now a part of the global supply chain and being met by various countries.

Evaluating The Banality Of Evil Thesis

Evaluating The Banality Of Evil Thesis The word evil exists in many cultures universally around the world. The word evil was previously, on the whole, limited to religious and secular beliefs. However, although the word exists around the world, the meaning of evil is not collective. James Waller (2002:12) argues that part of the reason for this is because the word has been overused. Waller explains that people replace wrong or shocking with the term evil. Waller notes two types of evil: human evil and natural evil. Natural evil occurs due to natural processes of changes and is not due to human involvement. An example is an earthquake resulting in loss of lives. Human evil occurs as a result of conscious intentions and decisions made by humans. Introduction to Arendt and the book The origin of the term the banality of evil is the caption from the American philosopher, Hannah Arendts book published in 1963 called Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. In 1961, Arendt was present at the Adolf Eichmann trial in Jerusalem whilst working as a reporter for The New Yorker newspaper. She held an interest in the trial as she wished to understand what led an ordinary person to become involved in the mass murder of Jewish citizens during the Holocaust. Arendt examines the actual trial and other issues related to the trial such as; the personality of Eichmann, nature of evil and she also wrote a considerable amount regarding the flaws of the trial. Arendt stated the trial is show trial where the trial was just a formality as Eichmann was already convicted. Arendt mentions throughout the book that Eichmann was not appropriately defended nor was he allowed adequate access to his lawyer. Eichmann was hanged on May 31, 1962 after being found guilty by the I sraeli courts on fifteen counts of crime against the Jewish people and humanity. About BON Evil takes place due to excessive thoughtlessness by those who are not evil as a nature. Eichmann did not possess the ability to think independently therefore he did not question the moral activities of the state (Arendt, 1961). Eichmanns weakness was that he was extremely shallow and therefore he was unable to think from another individuals viewpoint. Due to this, he was unable to understand that by following Nazi orders, he became involved in the bloodbath which ultimately led to his death sentence. Eichmann strived for a work promotion and therefore, Arendt summarised that there were no motives at all. Clarke suggests that Arendt planned to contrast with Kants notion of radical evil and to suggest Eichmanns as a thoughtless individual with no satanic or other shockingly evil aims. Arendts study of the Eichmann trial assured her that Eichmann was ordinary and that his banality was apparent in his thoughtlessness. The phrase the banality of evil is mentioned once in the book and this is during the last chapter of the book. Arendt did not elaborate on what she meant by the phrase but readers can understand what she meant due to hints throughout the book. The banality of evil thesis is the notion that ordinary people commit barbaric acts without realisation of what they are doing. About (thoughtlessness) However, it is clear from Arendts report of Eichmann that he had knowledge, and that he was able to rationalise and showed willpower. Eichmann would face difficulties in common social situations if he did not possess these senses. Due to no known difficulties in using his judgement to will and reason, Eichmann had success in the Third Reich. There is theoretical implication in the claim that Eichmann did not think. This is indeed a fundamental element of her analysis of the threats of modern civilisation. Arendt believed that Eichmann was an extreme illustration of the risks of thoughtlessness. Arendt argued that thoughtlessness was a common feature of this time period and she therefore proposes, that it is important to think what we are doing (Arendt, 1958: 5). Arendt deemed the psychology of thinking, willing and judging as independent components and supports Hume with the view that reasoning alone cannot influence the willing (Arendt, 1978: 70). Arendt commonly treated thought and action as separate components which were a key to understanding her political beliefs. Arendt explained that judging is simply reflecting on thoughts and viewing situations to create judgements but this does not tell you how to act. (Arendt, 1978: 58). According to Arendt, although action is always social and collective, it is the will which is the most unique of all the human capabilities. The will is what presents the foundation for characterisation of the person. This characterisation caused by the will then creates problems for the concept of freedom. According to Arendt, freedom without any barriers is frightening (Arendt, 1978: 195-6). Support for BON Historian Dick de Mildts review supported the banality of evil thesis. De Mildt studied individuals on trial for alleged involvement with the Nazis. He explained that the individuals he studied were not killers by conviction but somewhat killers by circumstances. Eichmann was unable to view the consequences of his decisions. It appeared that he could only understand that he was doing his job. During the trial Eichmann asserted that he simply sat in his office and completed his work, Ich sass am Schreibtisch und machte meine Sachen (Papadatos, 1964: 29). Carnahan and McFarland (2007) note that there is a general understand, that evil only prevails because normal and honest human beings become fiends when they are in egregious situations; particularly, when their judgment is sabotaged by compliance to a more authoritative mass. This view is epitomised in the notion of the banality of evil thesis. Lozowick (2002) notes the banality of evil thesis has become a lasting aspect of understanding in the West, and is therefore a gist of what occurs in the present society. At the same time that Eichmann was appearing in court for his crimes, Stanley Milgram (1963, 1974) was carrying out his studies on obedience. In his study, normal and psychologically stable men participated in a false memory test, as the role of teachers. These men were willing to administer electric jolts of increasing level to another person, who acted as learner, whenever the latter answered incorrectly. Every single participant was ready to deliver powerful tremors of 300 volts. Sixty-five per cent complied with all the experimenters requirements, distributing shocks of the highest voltage at 450 volts. Milgrams conclusion therefore supports Arendts argument that ordinary individuals can be responsible for harmful acts, but also, his reasoning reflected hers too. Milgram explained that when people are faced by authoritative individuals, they surrender responsibility for their actions to those in charge. Critics state that the explanations from Arendt and Milgram are merely coinci dental but further evidence suggests otherwise. Blass (2004) noted that Milgram worked without any influence from previous theories during his 1963 study. Further support comes from the field of psychology in the form of the Stanford Prison Experiment. This experiment was conducted by Philip Zimbardo in 1973. In this study, participants were randomly allocated to the role of a prisoner or a prison guard. The aim was to monitor the group interactions which developed over a two weeks period. The study had many intricate details, but the main point that is of relevance for this essay is that the guards embraced their positions with violence and therefore the study was discontinued after six days. There were increased fears about the safety of the prisoners, who were restricted by the guards to a continuous cycle of mockery, deprivation, and ill-treatment. As with Milgrams work, the influence of Zimbardos ideas has also been strengthened by their correlation with supports from other academic fields. An example is, Brownings (1992) review of the actions of Reserve Police Battalion (RPB) 101 between 1942 and 1943. Members of the RPB would travel around Poland and gather the groups of people targeted by the Final Solution- predominantly Jews. The battalion was responsible for the murder of at least 38,000 Jews (Browning, 1992). Browning emphasises that the members were not extremist nor anti-Semite who were aware that their action was not obligatory. Browning agrees with Milgram that these ordinary mens moral judgement suspended after entering an agentic state. Browning agrees with Zimbardo that this happened without leadership. Browning uses the Stanford Prison Experiment to suggest that the situation in Poland in the 1940s was adequate to turn ordinary people into mass murderers (Browning, 1992: 168). Against BON Psychologists and medical analysts who examined Eichmann had formerly maintained that he was a man obsessed with a dangerous and insatiable urge to kill who had a dangerous and perverted personality (Arendt, 1963: 21) According to Arendt, Eichmann was merely ignorant of his own evilness. He believed he had neither murdered anyone himself, nor had he instructed anyone to be murdered. Arendt also believed that Eichmann seemed alarmingly normal. Ardent explained that Eichmann was not a serial killer whose intentions were evil but that he was determined to stringently follow rules and obey orders. According to the Israeli investigators who interviewed him, Eichmann showed no dislike for the Jewish people. Although he ordered the death of many, Eichmann did not feel emotionally involved in the incident. Arendt (1963) notes that Eichmann killed people instinctively and obediently. Ardent noted the fact that Eichmann had lost his ability to make moral decisions. Due to a passion with perfecting the practical aspects of the holocaust (e.g. organising vehicles to carry the Jews), Eichmann and his colleagues had no understanding that what they were doing was immoral. Michael Selzer (1977) is an American researcher who sent images drawn by Eichmann to six psychologists. Their job was to analyse the images using personality tests, such as the Bender-Gestalt and the House-Person-Tree Tests. The psychologists were made aware of the age, sex and the importance of the person who drew the pictures. The majority of the psychologists concluded that the subject had a violent and a neurotic personality. Once the psychologists were presented with the name of the person who drew the images, Selzer concluded that the psychologists were not surprised to learn that his name was Adolf Eichmann. Thomas Litwack (1977), however, criticised the study as the researchers may have been aware who they were evaluated. Litwack explained that as Michael Selzer, a renowned psychologist was in charge of the tests, the psychologists who were examining the images may have guessed that the subject may be a figure who is well-known. Furthermore, as a psychometric test was require d, the subject may be mentally unstable or may have committed something inhumane. These hints may have led the psychologists to guess that the subject is Adolf Eichmann. Stephen Whitfield (1981) notes that the results would have been more plausible if the psychologists chose Eichmanns drawing from a selection of other subjects, who may also have also committed atrocities or be alleged to be psychologically unstable. Nevertheless the psychological tests did not create a relationship between his destructiveness and the intolerance towards Jewish people, which the prosecutor ascribed to him (Whitfield., 1981). To challenge the notion that Eichmann was not banal, Cesarani (2004) observes that Arendt only attended the first few days of Eichmanns trial in 1963, in which he gave a statement. Cesarani argues that Eichmann used this opportunity to weaken the claims made by the prosecution team that Eichmann was an evil extremist, thus he purposely appeared ordinary and dull. Due to an early departure from the trial, Arendt did not witness the evidence from victims who indicated that Eichmann was anything but a banal member of the government. Vetlesen (2005: 5) claims that by suggesting that Eichmann was thoughtless, Arendt only believed his portrayal of himself in court. A thorough inspection of evidence from the past also approves the negative image of Eichmann. Haslam (2007: 618) points out that Eichmanns views changed after becoming more involved with the Nazi movement. Above all, his views on how to deal with the Jewish people changed from one of leaving the country voluntarily to one of implementing and organising transportation to the death camps. Haslam argues that Eichmann had more involvement in the deaths of many, instead of merely following orders; that is, Eichmann developed new ways to carry out deportations, to such an extent that he was appraised and acknowledged by his superiors. Haslam provides evidence that on an occasion, Eichmann was involved in a conflict with his superior (by the name of Himmler) due to Himmler adopting a more pacific strategy to the one recommended by Eichmann. Haslam concludes that Eichmann was aware of his actions and in court displayed no repentance not remorse as he was not banal. Rees (1997) notes that the orders issue by superiors in the Nazi movement were vague, in terms of what was expected. Therefore, Eichmann had to use his imagination to impress the FÃ ¼hrer. This explanation is supported by Vetlesen (2005) who reviewed evidence showing that Nazi members were consciously aware of what they were doing, believed in the cause and once the orders were followed, celebrations were held. Vetlesen provides an example in Schutzstaffeln (SS) officers ensuring every member was involved in the ethnic-cleansing at least once; therefore administrators working in offices were also involved in the crimes. In this way, previous views of Eichmann, the banality of evil and the holocaust are challenged with evidence suggesting that these incidents are not normal and do not occur due to thoughtlessness. Rather Haslam points out that sheer determination and planning is needed. Further support discrediting the banality of evil is from Lozowick, (2002: 279) who states that, Eichamnn and his fellow bureaucrats worked hard and thought hard, over a lengthy period of time, over how they would carry out their crimes. Goldhagen (1996) questions Brownings (1992) attempts to make the Reserve Police Battalion (RPB) 101 appear banal. Goldhagen (1996: 168) categorises battalion members into three groups: enthusiastic killers, shooters and ghetto clearers and refusers and evaders. Goldhagen notes that the enthusiastic killers were actively looking for ways to receive more involvement in their tasks. Although their acts are not entirely due to the civilisation and group contexts in which they took place, neither Hitlers agents, members of the battalion, Milgrams participants, nor Zimbardos guards became insensitive machines. Therefore, the true shock is not that those involved in the holocaust were unaware of the nature of what they were doing. It is actually that they genuinely believe what they are doing is right. Rees (1977) argues that their actions occurred not due to a mechanical compliance but due to ingenious and fanatical reasons. By arguing that Nazi criminals were not banal, means that there are attempts to disregard Milgrams research on obedience. It is unclear whether the participants in Milgrams obedience and Zimbardos prison study entered in an agentic state due to the presence of an authority. This explanation does not explain why the participants in Milgram study experienced chronic doubts and showed conflicts in their moral judgement as a result of their role as a teacher. Self-categorization theory states that what people learn about particular groups, before deciding to join them, leads them to understand more about themselves. Turner Oakes (1986) use this theory to explain that groups play a role in transforming its members by changing the personality of their members and the way they express particular moods. Therefore when members behave according to group norms, they are less likely to speak out and express their true beliefs. Therefore Eichmann held authoritarian views before being involved with the Nazis but as involvement increased, his views became extreme and to a different depth. However, it is not enough for effective tyrants to be more violent, they need to hold a certain degree of social influence so that individuals holding similar but less radical views do not attempt to interfere or oppose them. As social circumstance change, individuals who were insignificant previously, begin to be seen as symbolising group values. This leads them to take a position where they order other group members on what is right and what (Turner, 1987). From this, they become leaders who achieve the authority to manipulate activities through their control over others (Turner, 2005). Moreover, leaders do not just take advantage of the transformed social context; they actively try to change the social context in order to suit their needs (Reicher et al., 2005). This demonstrates the expansion and the success of the Nazis. Nazi members in the early days made various attempts to weaken the Weimar Republic and to create a civil unrest. Later, they were also able to claim power by providing a solution to a problem created by them. The Nazi regime offered authoritarian solutions promising that such solutions would bring back traditional german values. As Nazism was accepted as the way forward, the political system and the legislative system changed according the Nazism requirements. Ardent initially attempted to explain the banality of evil through the concept of radical evil; this was the highest form of evil. She believed that radical evil was the reason for concentration camps; the victims were treated as valueless not as human beings. Criticism of Zimbardo The key feature from Zimbardos study was that, the acts of aggression by the guards occurred, as a consequence of constantly dressing in the attire of a guard and delivering the authority which is intrinsic to this job. (Haney et al., 1973: 62) note that people do not essentially need the pressure of strong leaders (as Milgram previously stated) in order to stop using their sense of moral judgement and commit atrocities. Alessandra Stanley (2006) agreed with Haney et al. because the participants in the Stanford Prison Experiment were instructed to play the role of a guard not to be abusive. Therefore by being abusive, the participants conformed to their own ideas of how a prison guard should behave and of how to hold authority. Similar criticisms have been made of Zimbardos study. It was found that Zimbardo instructed the guards that the prisoners must sense fear and must be under constant surveillance. By doing so, Zimbardo gave ideas to his guards on how he would like them to torment the prisoners. This does not show Zimbardo as a neutral experimenter (Haslam, 2007: 620). Carnahan and McFarlands (2007) conducted a study to understand which types of people are attracted to tyrannical groups. They studied the Stanford Prison Experiment and noted that those participants who volunteered to participate in this study were not necessarily ordinary individuals. These individuals tended to be aggressive and egotistical by nature, than the individuals who volunteered for controlled and safer experiments. This explanation fits in with Vetlesens (2005) understanding that the individuals who were drawn to the Nazism or similar extremist groups do so as they feel a connection with the groups principles and believe this will give them an identity. Vetlesen also highlights the importance of tactical issues and career enhancement when analysing individuals who were linked with the Nazis. This explains why doctors and engineers were amongst the Nazi members as they believed it gave them unlimited opportunities to follow their aspirations. Hence he argues that for organised evil to work there needs to be a mergence between individual and institutional factors to work towards a similar goal. Radical Evil Arendt argues that radical evil is perpetrated through a three step process. Firstly, all of the individuals legal right are taken away. Concentrations camps fulfilled these criteria as the inmates held there were not recognised as individuals who hold legal rights. The ability to make moral judgements is the second criteria, which is also taken away. As the person lacks a moral self, he is unable to choose good over bad. The final step to the radicalisation process is spontaneity. According to Arendt the concentration camps depicts how human spontaneity can be destabilised by the occurrence of dictatorship. Conclusion: Arendt suggests that evil is not limited to callous individuals. Cesarani (2004) notes that although on one hand there was nothing from Eichmanns life before the Nazi, which could suggest his reasons for committing crimes, but he was nevertheless different. It was his personal background which attracted him to Nazism; the more involved he became, the more callous his actions were. According to Cesarani this meant he had more role in the Nazis than Arendt understands; he was involved on a creative dictatorial level which demands deeper level of thinking. Looking at tyrarny and group dynamics it can be argued that evil can appear banal in these situations. However, the developments of the groups and their motives are a complex process. Therefore, Haslam argues that the normalisation of evil is not banal. The phrase banality of evil is left to interpretation due to a lack of clarity by Arendt. This has rendered the phrase open to interpretation and attacks by critic. This theory has instilled the view that every human is capable of committing evil. This means that those who commit evil acts are not different from normal human beings. From Arendts work, it is possible to understand that ordinary individuals can commit evil acts depending on the correct circumstances. From this insight it is learnt that the ability to commit evil lies in everyone. However, it does not explain how so people commit evil. Browning (1992) thus assumes that as the members of Reserve Police Battalion 101 were capable to commit mass murders; all other men are also capable to do this under the right circumstances. This theory has powerful and convincing support from multiple disciples (eg., Haney et al., 1973; Zimbaro et al., 1973; Milgram, 1963). To understand the Banality of evil thesis, its important to acknowledge that when humans are banal it does not mean that they are simple. As previous examples (e.g. Milgram; Zimbardo) have demonstrated, humans do not act decidedly and mechanically. For those who do act in an evil way, they are consciously aware and are involved in a moral conflict.